打好污染防治攻堅戰是黨的十九大作出的重大決策部署。在過去10多年的大氣污染治理和電力行業減排中，環保電價政策(ce)起到了(le)關(guan)鍵的支(zhi)撐作用(yong)(yong)，預期在藍天(tian)保(bao)衛戰中(zhong)的作用(yong)(yong)會更加明(ming)顯(xian)。除了(le)之(zhi)前(qian)早(zao)已明(ming)確的環保(bao)電價政策(ce)外，國(guo)家(jia)發展改革(ge)委近日印發《關(guan)于創新(xin)和完善(shan)(shan)促(cu)進綠色(se)發展價格機制(zhi)的意(yi)見(jian)》（以下簡(jian)稱《意(yi)見(jian)》），進一步明(ming)確要(yao)完善(shan)(shan)差別化電價政策(ce)，利用(yong)(yong)價格杠桿(gan)促(cu)進節能減排，必(bi)將對打(da)贏污染防治(zhi)攻堅戰發揮(hui)積極作用(yong)(yong)。

   環保電價政策促進節能減排

   環保(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)是通(tong)過(guo)價(jia)格杠桿影響生(sheng)產者(zhe)(zhe)和(he)消費(fei)(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)行(xing)為(wei)，從而(er)引(yin)導生(sheng)產者(zhe)(zhe)或消費(fei)(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)朝著節能(neng)環保(bao)方(fang)向努力的(de)價(jia)格政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)。環保(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)包括燃煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)硫(liu)、氮氧(yang)化(hua)物、粉塵減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)和(he)超低(di)排(pai)(pai)放的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)支(zhi)持政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)，行(xing)業差別化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)和(he)居民階梯電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)等。環保(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)在(zai)節能(neng)減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)和(he)環境保(bao)護方(fang)面發揮的(de)作用主要體(ti)現(xian)在(zai)促進行(xing)業轉型升級、電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠污染減(jian)(jian)排(pai)(pai)、消費(fei)(fei)行(xing)為(wei)改變等方(fang)面，目前已經取得(de)了很好(hao)效果。

   為(wei)有效(xiao)發(fa)揮價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)杠桿(gan)的(de)(de)激勵(li)和(he)約(yue)束作用，近(jin)年(nian)來，國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)陸續出(chu)臺(tai)(tai)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)文(wen)件，明確(que)(que)了脫(tuo)硫電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)加價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)標準為(wei)每(mei)千瓦時1.5分(fen)(fen)錢，脫(tuo)硝電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)為(wei)每(mei)千瓦時1分(fen)(fen)錢，除塵電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)為(wei)每(mei)千瓦時0.2分(fen)(fen)錢。2015年(nian)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)又出(chu)臺(tai)(tai)了對燃煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)超低排放電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)支(zhi)持政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)。2017年(nian)9月，國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)發(fa)展(zhan)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)委(wei)印發(fa)《關(guan)(guan)于(yu)北方地(di)區(qu)清潔供(gong)暖價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)意(yi)見》，要求完善(shan)“煤(mei)改(gai)(gai)電(dian)(dian)”電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)，在適宜(yi)“煤(mei)改(gai)(gai)電(dian)(dian)”的(de)(de)地(di)區(qu)，要通過完善(shan)峰谷(gu)分(fen)(fen)時制度和(he)階(jie)梯價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)，降低清潔供(gong)暖用電(dian)(dian)成本(ben)。合(he)理確(que)(que)定采暖用電(dian)(dian)量，鼓勵(li)疊加峰谷(gu)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，明確(que)(que)村(cun)級“煤(mei)改(gai)(gai)電(dian)(dian)”電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)，降低居民“煤(mei)改(gai)(gai)電(dian)(dian)”用電(dian)(dian)成本(ben)。國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)發(fa)展(zhan)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)委(wei)還出(chu)臺(tai)(tai)了《關(guan)(guan)于(yu)運用價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)手(shou)段促進鋼(gang)鐵行業供(gong)給側(ce)結構性改(gai)(gai)革(ge)有關(guan)(guan)事項的(de)(de)通知(zhi)》，決定自2017年(nian)1月1日起，對鋼(gang)鐵行業實行更加嚴格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)差(cha)別電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)和(he)基于(yu)工序(xu)能耗(hao)的(de)(de)階(jie)梯電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)。

   電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價補貼政(zheng)策有效(xiao)地促(cu)進了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠污染減(jian)排。在環(huan)保電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價政(zheng)策的(de)激勵下(xia)(xia)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業實(shi)施脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)硫(liu)(liu)、脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)硝(xiao)及除塵設施改造的(de)積極性明顯(xian)提高，有效(xiao)促(cu)進了(le)(le)減(jian)排目標實(shi)現。截至2017年底(di)，全(quan)國(guo)已(yi)(yi)投運(yun)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠煙(yan)氣(qi)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)硫(liu)(liu)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)約(yue)9.2億千瓦，占全(quan)國(guo)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)83.6%，占全(quan)國(guo)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)93.9%，如果考慮具有脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)硫(liu)(liu)作用的(de)循環(huan)流化(hua)床鍋爐，全(quan)國(guo)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)硫(liu)(liu)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)占煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)比例接近(jin)100%；已(yi)(yi)投運(yun)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠煙(yan)氣(qi)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)硝(xiao)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)約(yue)9.6億千瓦，占全(quan)國(guo)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)87.3%；超(chao)低排放機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)在全(quan)國(guo)燃煤機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)中的(de)占比超(chao)過(guo)70%，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)占比約(yue)為75%。可以說，中國(guo)建立(li)了(le)(le)世界上最大的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力行業清潔(jie)體。從(cong)減(jian)排量(liang)(liang)(liang)來(lai)看，“十二五”期間電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力行業已(yi)(yi)經(jing)超(chao)額完成調(diao)控目標。同(tong)時(shi)，環(huan)保電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價政(zheng)策也推動清潔(jie)能源(yuan)(yuan)和非化(hua)石能源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)發(fa)展。從(cong)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)來(lai)看，我國(guo)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占比已(yi)(yi)經(jing)下(xia)(xia)降至57.9%。

   差別(bie)化電(dian)(dian)價(jia)政(zheng)策(ce)促進高耗(hao)(hao)能(neng)(neng)行業減排和升(sheng)級。以(yi)水泥行業為例，在階(jie)梯(ti)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)政(zheng)策(ce)實施(shi)前，有(you)20%左右產(chan)(chan)能(neng)(neng)的生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)線達不到國家(jia)規(gui)定的能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)標(biao)準。階(jie)梯(ti)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)實施(shi)后，水泥企(qi)業技術改(gai)造(zao)積極性大為增強。據行業主管部門統計，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)線達不到能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)標(biao)準的企(qi)業中，一(yi)半(ban)(ban)左右被淘汰，一(yi)半(ban)(ban)升(sheng)級改(gai)造(zao)達到了國家(jia)規(gui)定的能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)標(biao)準。

   階(jie)梯電(dian)(dian)(dian)價促(cu)進(jin)居(ju)(ju)民(min)綠色消(xiao)(xiao)費，有效地調動了(le)(le)(le)居(ju)(ju)民(min)節(jie)約用電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)積(ji)極性。隨著(zhu)戶均(jun)消(xiao)(xiao)費電(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)增長(chang)，每千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價逐級遞增。對居(ju)(ju)民(min)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)實行(xing)階(jie)梯式(shi)遞增電(dian)(dian)(dian)價可以提(ti)高(gao)能(neng)(neng)源效率(lv)，通過分(fen)段(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量實現細分(fen)市(shi)場的(de)(de)差(cha)別定價，在提(ti)高(gao)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)效率(lv)的(de)(de)同時(shi)補貼低收入(ru)居(ju)(ju)民(min)。同時(shi)，家(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)補貼新(xin)政(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)出臺，讓全民(min)消(xiao)(xiao)費目光瞄準了(le)(le)(le)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)家(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)選購(gou)，消(xiao)(xiao)費者對節(jie)能(neng)(neng)家(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)青睞(lai)度明(ming)顯(xian)上升(sheng)。家(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)惠民(min)補貼政(zheng)(zheng)策的(de)(de)推出，不僅刺激了(le)(le)(le)消(xiao)(xiao)費政(zheng)(zheng)策的(de)(de)延續(xu)，而且指明(ming)了(le)(le)(le)家(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)業(ye)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)型產品的(de)(de)發展(zhan)趨勢，有力助推了(le)(le)(le)全國綠色消(xiao)(xiao)費的(de)(de)升(sheng)級。

   政策亟需完善的主要方面

   電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)行(xing)(xing)業持續(xu)(xu)減排需(xu)要(yao)持續(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保電(dian)(dian)(dian)價政(zheng)策。我國(guo)脫(tuo)(tuo)硫機組容量(liang)(liang)已逾8億千瓦，其中90％以上是近10年建成投(tou)(tou)產的(de)(de)。雖然電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保政(zheng)策取(qu)得一(yi)定效果，但是電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)行(xing)(xing)業還要(yao)全面推(tui)行(xing)(xing)超低(di)排放(fang)，而(er)且脫(tuo)(tuo)硫、脫(tuo)(tuo)硝、除(chu)塵和脫(tuo)(tuo)汞等設施的(de)(de)運行(xing)(xing)也需(xu)要(yao)大(da)量(liang)(liang)資(zi)(zi)金。近年來，受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)煤(mei)質量(liang)(liang)變差(cha)、含(han)硫量(liang)(liang)普遍升(sheng)高的(de)(de)影響(xiang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企(qi)業已消耗巨資(zi)(zi)對不(bu)(bu)能達標的(de)(de)脫(tuo)(tuo)硫裝置進行(xing)(xing)了不(bu)(bu)同(tong)程度的(de)(de)技(ji)術改(gai)造(zao)。由于(yu)排放(fang)限值大(da)幅加(jia)嚴，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)煤(mei)質量(liang)(liang)短期內得不(bu)(bu)到(dao)根本好轉的(de)(de)條(tiao)件下，勢必(bi)又將開展新一(yi)輪的(de)(de)現(xian)役機組脫(tuo)(tuo)硫改(gai)造(zao)，部(bu)分(fen)設施甚(shen)至要(yao)推(tui)倒重建，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業資(zi)(zi)金壓力(li)(li)巨大(da)。現(xian)階段，基于(yu)市場的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價形成機制尚未有(you)效形成，而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價政(zheng)策制定中要(yao)特(te)別考(kao)慮電(dian)(dian)(dian)價引導(dao)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)功能。電(dian)(dian)(dian)價呈現(xian)給(gei)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)者(zhe)的(de)(de)信號既不(bu)(bu)能引導(dao)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)過(guo)剩(sheng)(sheng)，更不(bu)(bu)能產生投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)足。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業資(zi)(zi)金密集，投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)過(guo)剩(sheng)(sheng)會(hui)造(zao)成資(zi)(zi)源占用或閑置損失，而(er)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)不(bu)(bu)足會(hui)導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)應短缺(que)。因此，需(xu)要(yao)建立一(yi)個穩健、持續(xu)(xu)、可預期的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保電(dian)(dian)(dian)價政(zheng)策體(ti)系。

   差(cha)(cha)別(bie)(bie)化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)作(zuo)用(yong)空間有(you)(you)待擴大。在一些地方有(you)(you)差(cha)(cha)別(bie)(bie)化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)成(cheng)功(gong)經驗，但還沒有(you)(you)全國推廣，差(cha)(cha)別(bie)(bie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)執行(xing)力(li)度(du)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)夠。由(you)于(yu)多數省份執行(xing)差(cha)(cha)別(bie)(bie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)產業(ye)類別(bie)(bie)和行(xing)業(ye)目錄更(geng)新不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及時，未(wei)實(shi)行(xing)動態管理，導致(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)執行(xing)力(li)度(du)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)夠，實(shi)際執行(xing)差(cha)(cha)別(bie)(bie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)的(de)范(fan)圍偏小(xiao)，企(qi)業(ye)之間存在不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)公(gong)平現(xian)象，影響(xiang)了差(cha)(cha)別(bie)(bie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)執行(xing)效果，也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)利于(yu)節能(neng)減排政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)實(shi)施。另外，對于(yu)懲罰性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)，各(ge)地重視程度(du)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一致(zhi)，尚有(you)(you)部分省份未(wei)出(chu)臺懲罰性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)實(shi)施辦法(fa)；已出(chu)臺懲罰性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)實(shi)施辦法(fa)的(de)省份，由(you)于(yu)對行(xing)業(ye)限額(e)標(biao)(biao)準、加價(jia)(jia)標(biao)(biao)準、征收范(fan)圍、收入(ru)的(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)等存在不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同認識(shi)，以(yi)及與差(cha)(cha)別(bie)(bie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)在執行(xing)范(fan)圍上(shang)存在一定沖突等原因，也致(zhi)使(shi)(shi)懲罰性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)執行(xing)參差(cha)(cha)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)齊，使(shi)(shi)對高能(neng)耗高排放(fang)的(de)懲罰性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)(ce)未(wei)得到全面貫徹。

   清(qing)(qing)(qing)潔(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)源和清(qing)(qing)(qing)潔(jie)(jie)(jie)生(sheng)活方式的(de)(de)(de)激(ji)勵機(ji)(ji)制還(huan)不(bu)夠。我國清(qing)(qing)(qing)潔(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)源資(zi)源稟賦與需求呈逆向分布，西(xi)部(bu)地(di)區風光(guang)水資(zi)源富(fu)集，集中開發后(hou)不(bu)能(neng)就(jiu)地(di)平(ping)衡(heng)(heng)消納，需要(yao)大規模外送(song)。而(er)長期以(yi)來我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)力都是(shi)按(an)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)域平(ping)衡(heng)(heng)、就(jiu)地(di)消納為主，缺乏(fa)清(qing)(qing)(qing)潔(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)源跨(kua)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)跨(kua)區消納的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)策(ce)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)(ji)制。目(mu)前(qian)，東中部(bu)地(di)區集中了全國三分之二以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)，嚴重(zhong)超出環境的(de)(de)(de)承載能(neng)力，但由于(yu)考慮(lv)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)內產(chan)業(ye)(ye)發展、地(di)區生(sheng)產(chan)總(zong)值增(zeng)長以(yi)及就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)等方面因素，一些東中部(bu)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)份(fen)仍然積極(ji)爭(zheng)取新建(jian)燃(ran)煤機(ji)(ji)組，而(er)不(bu)愿意使用省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)外的(de)(de)(de)清(qing)(qing)(qing)潔(jie)(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，導致(zhi)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)大省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)富(fu)余電(dian)(dian)(dian)力無處可(ke)去(qu)。另(ling)外，還(huan)存在電(dian)(dian)(dian)源與電(dian)(dian)(dian)網發展不(bu)協(xie)調，清(qing)(qing)(qing)潔(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)源外送(song)通道建(jian)設(she)(she)滯后(hou)等問題，跨(kua)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)份(fen)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力亟(ji)待加強(qiang)，需要(yao)建(jian)立有(you)利于(yu)打(da)破省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)間壁壘(lei)、促進清(qing)(qing)(qing)潔(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)源跨(kua)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)份(fen)消納的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)(ji)制和清(qing)(qing)(qing)潔(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)源配額制度。農村(cun)“煤改(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)”是(shi)推進北(bei)方清(qing)(qing)(qing)潔(jie)(jie)(jie)取暖(nuan)、治理大氣污染(ran)及改(gai)變農村(cun)生(sheng)活方式的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)措(cuo)施，目(mu)前(qian)存在取暖(nuan)設(she)(she)備耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)量高、取暖(nuan)效果差的(de)(de)(de)問題。“煤改(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)”不(bu)是(shi)簡(jian)單的(de)(de)(de)取暖(nuan)設(she)(she)備更換，它是(shi)一項(xiang)社會系(xi)統工程，這其(qi)中不(bu)僅(jin)有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)線路改(gai)造、供熱企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)格(ge)，還(huan)應該有(you)供暖(nuan)設(she)(she)備的(de)(de)(de)應用、維護、保養等問題。取暖(nuan)成本(ben)是(shi)影(ying)響用戶使用電(dian)(dian)(dian)采暖(nuan)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵因素，降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)采暖(nuan)成本(ben)，需要(yao)從市場機(ji)(ji)制、完善(shan)價(jia)格(ge)政(zheng)策(ce)和技術創(chuang)新等多(duo)方面發力。

   《意見》提出的新舉措

   為了更好地利用電(dian)價(jia)政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)促進(jin)節能減排和環境保護，《意見》在完善實施差別化電(dian)價(jia)、鼓勵綠色消費方面提出如(ru)下政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)。

   清(qing)理(li)取(qu)消對高(gao)(gao)耗能(neng)行業(ye)的優(you)待類(lei)電(dian)價(jia)政策(ce)。全(quan)面清(qing)理(li)取(qu)消對高(gao)(gao)耗能(neng)行業(ye)的優(you)待類(lei)電(dian)價(jia)以(yi)及(ji)其(qi)他(ta)各種(zhong)不合理(li)價(jia)格優(you)惠政策(ce)，各地對產能(neng)嚴重過剩行業(ye)優(you)惠電(dian)價(jia)政策(ce)進行清(qing)理(li)整頓，禁止自行實行電(dian)價(jia)優(you)惠和(he)電(dian)費(fei)補貼。

   完善差(cha)(cha)別(bie)化電(dian)(dian)(dian)價政策(ce)(ce)。嚴格落實(shi)(shi)鐵(tie)合金、電(dian)(dian)(dian)石、燒(shao)堿、水泥、鋼鐵(tie)、黃磷(lin)、鋅(xin)冶煉等7個行業(ye)(ye)的差(cha)(cha)別(bie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價政策(ce)(ce)，對淘汰(tai)類和(he)限(xian)制類企(qi)業(ye)(ye)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)（含市場化交(jiao)易(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量）實(shi)(shi)行更高價格。各(ge)地(di)應及時(shi)評估差(cha)(cha)別(bie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價、階梯(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價政策(ce)(ce)執(zhi)行效果，可根據實(shi)(shi)際需要擴(kuo)大(da)差(cha)(cha)別(bie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價、階梯(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價執(zhi)行行業(ye)(ye)范圍，提(ti)高加(jia)價標準(zhun)，促進相關(guan)行業(ye)(ye)加(jia)大(da)技(ji)術(shu)改(gai)(gai)造力度、提(ti)高能效水平(ping)、加(jia)速淘汰(tai)落后產(chan)能。鼓勵各(ge)地(di)探索建(jian)立基(ji)于單位產(chan)值能耗、污染物排放(fang)的差(cha)(cha)別(bie)化電(dian)(dian)(dian)價政策(ce)(ce)，推動(dong)清潔化改(gai)(gai)造。

   完(wan)善(shan)峰(feng)谷(gu)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)形成機制。加大峰(feng)谷(gu)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)實施力(li)度，運用價(jia)(jia)格信號引導電(dian)力(li)削(xue)峰(feng)填谷(gu)。省級價(jia)(jia)格主(zhu)管部門可(ke)在(zai)銷(xiao)售電(dian)價(jia)(jia)總水平不(bu)變的前提下，建立峰(feng)谷(gu)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)動態調(diao)(diao)整機制，進(jin)一步擴大銷(xiao)售側峰(feng)谷(gu)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)執行范(fan)圍，合理確定并動態調(diao)(diao)整峰(feng)谷(gu)時段，擴大高峰(feng)、低(di)谷(gu)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)價(jia)(jia)差和浮(fu)動幅度，引導用戶錯峰(feng)用電(dian)。

   此外，利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)支(zhi)持(chi)政(zheng)策(ce)鼓(gu)勵(li)綠色交通，降低污水(shui)處理企業用電(dian)(dian)(dian)成本(ben)。對實行兩部制電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)的污水(shui)處理企業用電(dian)(dian)(dian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車集中式充換電(dian)(dian)(dian)設施用電(dian)(dian)(dian)、港口岸(an)電(dian)(dian)(dian)運(yun)營商用電(dian)(dian)(dian)、海水(shui)淡化用電(dian)(dian)(dian)，免收需量（容(rong)量）電(dian)(dian)(dian)費。